IB 702: Review of AC Brown lectures

MOTOR NEURONS & REFLEXES

Lower Motor Neuron:  what is it, where is it, what does it do

Segmental Reflexes:  sensory ending, effector, pathway, synaptic organization, initiating stimulus, motor response, significance of the following reflexes:  muscle stretch (myotatic) reflex, withdrawal (flexion) reflex, inverse myotatic (clasp-knife) reflex

Gamma (small) motor nerve system:  what is it, what does it do

Upper Motor Neuron:  what is it, where is it, what does it do

Effect of lower and upper motor neuron lesions

Neuron regeneration

VOLUNTARY MOTOR SYSTEM

Primary Motor Cortex:  where is it, what is its role and how do we know, topographical organization, cellular organization, descending pathways – pyramidal & extrapyramidal, effect of lesions

Premotor Cortex:  where is it, what is its role

Supplementary Motor Cortex:  where is it, what is its role

Basal Ganglia:  recognize the names of the nuclei which make up the basal ganglia, where the nuclei are located, general role, input and output, general interconnections, neurotransmitters

Hyperkinesia & Hypokinesia:  define, examples

Huntington’s Disease, Ballismus, Parkinson’s Disease:  signs & symptoms, neuropathology, treatment

Cerebellum:  location, divisions, general input and output

Vestibulo-cerebellum:  structures, input, output, role

Spino-cerebellum:  structures, input, output, role

Cerebro-cerebellum:  structures, input, output, role

Motor learning

Pathophysiology

HYPOTHALAMUS

Hypothalamus:  location, external inputs, receptors, general role; nuclei discussed in the lecture

Outputs:  autonomic, anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary

Feedback:  general scheme, long loop, short loop

Temperature regulation:  sensory input, motor output, integrative mechanism; pathophysiology

Circadian rhythm:  define, examples, structures involved, input, output

RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM, EEG, SLEEP

RAS:  location, organization, input, output & cortical projection, role

EEG:  definition, source, classification, origin of rhythms

Sleep:  REM vs. non-REM sleep, stages, sequence throughout the night, pathophysiology, neural basis

Epilepsy & seizures: characterization of types, management

MASTICATION

Muscles involved, forces

Inputs:  characteristics of periodontal receptors, TMJ afferents, muscle and tendon afferents

Reflexes

Mastication general characteristics, phases, food reduction cycle

CNS basis:  reflex vs. pattern generator, evidence

LIMBIC SYSTEM & EMOTIONS

Conscious emotion vs. physiological response

Limbic system:  location, recognize main structures, connections, role, relation to emotions

Fear & anxiety:  relation to amygdala, behaviors, conditioning, anxiety disorders

LANGUAGE

Hemispheric specialization:  define, evidence, categorical vs. representational hemispheres (dominant/non-dominant), relation to handedness, function after injury

Cortical representation:  Broca’s and Wernicke’s area location, function, aphasias, other language disorders

LEARNING & MEMORY

Definitions, declarative vs. procedural memory

Memory stages, role of context, consolidation, forgetting, amnesia

Brain structures:  prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, mammillary bodies, long-term memory storage

Learning strategies

EYE MOVEMENT

Muscles involved, motor nerves, effect of lesions

Saccades:  characteristics, function

Smooth pursuit movements:  characteristics, function

Vestibulo-ocular movements:  characteristics, function

Vergence movements:  characteristics, function, pathophysiology, diplopia & amblyopia

Nystagmus:  describe, optokinetic nystagmus, rotary/physiological nystagmus, pathological nystagmus

Gaze centers:  location, function, medial longitudinal fasciculus

Superior colliculus:  location, inputs, outputs, function

Frontal eye fields:  location, outputs, function

ASSOCIATION CORTEX

Cortical association areas:  location

Parietal association cortex:  inputs, functions, pathophysiology, agnosia, neglect, tests

Temporal association cortex:  roles, pathophysiology

Prefrontal association cortex:  functions, pathophysiology -- orbitofrontal, dorsolateral